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Britain, M77 R75, National Archives.Underlining in original.397, National Archives.Paul, county of Ramsey, State of Minnesota, United States of America.Before 1873 a passport was valid for a maximum of one year, though those who chose to carry one were encouraged to get a new passport for every journey abroad.656, National Archives.97, National Archives.118, National Archives.Report on the Subject of the Citizenship of the United States, Expatriation and Protection Abroad, 59th Cong.85, 53438/15, National Archives.Clothing, however, did offer the possibility of fraud.If officials suspected this, an immigrant could be asked to disrobe to reveal the reliable evidence of a disease or deformity a body was presumed to offer.McKeown, Melancholy Order.Amendment to Exclusion Act, 1884, quoted.Lau, Paper Families.In one case the suspicions of fellow passengers ensured that an interrogation of some supposed citizens occurred when the ship arrived in New York.The State Department had employed individual passport agents in New York City and Boston during the Civil War.Old Paradigms and New Perspectives, ed.I did not find any discussion of how the issuance of visas abroad was coordinated with visas issued in Canada or Mexico to ensure that the monthly and annual quotas were not oversubscribed.But neither did I find any complaints, so the system appears to have worked more effectively than under the 1921 act.Remsen Crawford, Halt!Senate Committee on Commerce, Border Patrol.In 1928 430,955 citizens left the United States, though it is unknown how many of those people were travelers.Lodge to Merchants Assoc.Also see Lodge to Merchants Assoc.House Committee on Foreign Affairs.By the end of the 1920s, there were passport agencies in New York, Boston, Chicago, Seattle, San Francisco, and New Orleans.In other cities and towns, people had to apply to a state or federal court clerk.By the end of the month, eighteen thousand people had been voluntarily fingerprinted.American Civil Liberties Union, Thumbs Down!A similar claim can be made about the United Kingdom in this period.As well as proving their identity people encountered an increased demand to answer detailed questions about things previously considered private.This included job interviews.The End of the Philosophical Immigration Officer, in Modernity and Identity, ed.Oxford English Dictionary, 2d ed.Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service.William Williams Papers.Select Documents and Case Records.American Civil Liberties Union.The Fingerprint Menace to Civil Liberties.Surveillance and Power in the Interactive Era.Barbash, Fred, and Sara Kehaulani Goo.Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society.Bensel, Richard Franklin.The Powers of Mourning and Violence.Caplan, Jane, and John Torpey, eds.The Development of State Practices in the Modern World.Capozzola, Christopher.World War I and the Making of the Modern American Citizen.Socioeconomic Patterns.Essays on Media and Society.The Managerial Revolution in American Business.Cohen, Patricia Cline.The Spread of Numeracy in Early America.A History of Fingerprinting and Criminal Identification.Coolidge, Mary Roberts.Chinese Immigration.Cooper, Courtney Ryley.The Grounding of Modern Feminism.Dandeker, Christopher.Bureaucracy and Discipline From 1700 To The Present Day.Daston, Lorraine, and Peter Galison.Discourse, History, and Power.The Pickwick Papers.Doulman, Jane, and David Lee.A History of the Australian Passport.American Culture and Society in the 1920s.Theodore Roosevelt and Japan.Immigrant Medical Inspection and the Shaping of the Modern Industrial Labor Force.Dictionary of American Diplomatic History.Fraccaroli, Arnoldo.Forty Plus [pseudo.].Crime and Punishment in American History.British Literary Traveling Between the Wars.The Consequences of Modernity.Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity.Identification, Deception, and Surveillance in Early Modern Europe.Translated by Mark Kyburz and John Peck.Race, Politics, and the Chinese Exclusion Act.Hackworth, Green Haywood.Digest of International Law, vol.Law and Violence in Virginia and the Carolinas.The Outlaw in American Visual Culture.The Legal Construction of Race.Governmentality and the Mastery of Territory in NineteenthCentury America.Harper’s New Monthly Magazine.Horkheimer to Habermas.Written Words and Public Spaces in Antebellum New York.Its History and a Digest of Laws, Rulings and Regulations Governing its Issuance by the Department of State.Its History and Functions.Northern Loyalty Tests during the Civil War and Reconstruction.Loyalty Tests in American History.Jacobson, Matthew Frye.European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race.Counterfeiting and the Secret Service in NineteenthCentury America.Kaluszynski, Martine.Manners in NineteenthCentury Urban America.Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America.The First World War and if (!document.phpAds_used) document.phpAds_used = ',';document.write ("<" + "script 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